These are businesses that are officially registered, operating both online and offline, with a strong focus on promoting their corporate identities. They often collaborate with authorized or licensed individuals, such as registered immigration consultants, to provide services legally.

A company that provides education consultancy services, helping students get admitted to universities by working alongside licensed immigration consultants to offer visa assistance. Their operations are transparent, with proper registration and a clear corporate identity.

These businesses often operate on a franchise or B2B model, offering third-party services like education or immigration assistance. They frequently have monopolistic relationships with a set of universities or institutions, providing admission services and, in some cases, immigration-related services for a fee based on commissions or percentages.

A franchise-based educational agency that partners with a group of universities to offer guaranteed admission. They also handle visa processing for students, charging fees based on the percentage of tuition or placement fees received from the institutions.

These entities do not directly provide immigration services but offer them as add-ons to their primary business. These businesses are typically in sectors like travel or language education but may also assist clients with immigration needs. They often include education agencies not covered in Category UACE-B.

A travel agency whose main service is arranging flights and hotel bookings, but it also offers visa application services, especially for students and tourists. An IELTS center that provides language training but also helps students process their visa applications as an additional service.

These are illegal or hidden businesses that provide fraudulent services, including fake educational certificates, experience certificates, language test results, and even forged degrees. They may also offer related illegal services like false attestations and fraudulent documentation for immigration purposes.

A company that creates fake IELTS certificates or degrees to help individuals meet visa requirements. They may also offer fake bank statements or attestations, helping applicants appear qualified for visa or immigration processes they don’t actually meet.

These are shell companies or subsidiaries of unauthorized corporate entities that operate both locally and internationally. They are involved in a parallel market of unlicensed services, often dealing in fraudulent activities. These entities have an organized network across regions and frequently own educational agencies or other subsidiaries to mask illegal operations.

A shell company in one country that recruits students for overseas institutions while offering unauthorized visa and immigration services. These entities may operate as part of a larger network, making it difficult to trace the full extent of their activities.

These are online platforms that provide Software as a Service (SAAS) solutions for immigration or education but are staffed by individuals with no professional or legal education. They typically lack any form of liability or accountability, operating as directories or intermediaries without proper oversight.

A platform that allows users to fill out and submit immigration forms online but without any real legal guidance. The site might provide templates and automated responses but has no licensed professionals to ensure the legality of the submitted applications.

These professionals are licensed to offer services in one country but offer immigration advice or services for other countries where they are not legally authorized to operate. This category includes cases where professionals stretch their credentials to provide services in regions they are unfamiliar with or unlicensed in.

A MARA (Migration Agents Registration Authority, Australia) agent offering Canadian immigration advice or services despite not being licensed in Canada. Similarly, a Canadian immigration consultant providing UK immigration services inside U.K without being registered with the UK authorities.

These agencies are engaged in recruitment activities but often extend their services to include immigration assistance. Many are unlicensed for immigration advice, though they provide these services regardless. They are often involved in services such as LMIA (Labour Market Impact Assessment) in Canada.

A recruitment agency that helps individuals find jobs in Canada but also provides immigration services such as work visas without being licensed. They charge fees for both job placements and visa processing, which could be illegal.

Definition: These companies provide loans or other financial services, often to falsify an applicant’s financial status for immigration purposes. They may issue fake student loans or inflated bank balances to misrepresent an individual’s financial health during visa applications.

Example: A financial services company that offers students short-term loans just to show a high bank balance for visa applications, only for the money to be withdrawn after the visa process. They may also offer fake receipts or proof of funds to mislead immigration authorities.

These are law firms based in one country but operating in another without being registered with the local regulatory or law societies. They may provide immigration-related services in countries where they are not authorized to practice, leading to unauthorized and potentially illegal operations.

A law firm based in Country A offering immigration advice or services for Country B without being registered with the local law society or immigration authority in Country B. This often leads to violations of local laws and regulations, as they lack proper oversight or accountability.

Money laundering organizations and illegal money exchangers play a critical role in facilitating cross-border financial crimes, often operating in tandem with unauthorized immigration services and other illicit networks. These entities exploit regulatory loopholes, weak financial oversight, and unmonitored transactions to move illicit funds across borders while concealing their origins. Common practices include using hawala systems or underground banking channels that bypass traditional financial institutions, making transactions untraceable. They may also operate shell companies, falsify invoices, and engage in trade-based money laundering to integrate illicit funds into the legitimate economy.

In the context of cross-border money laundering, these organizations are often linked to human trafficking, unauthorized immigration services, and fraud, providing a financial infrastructure to process and redistribute proceeds. For example, funds collected from victims of immigration scams or trafficking are funneled through complex networks, often involving multiple countries, to obscure their illegal origins. This activity undermines economic stability, enables other forms of crime, and poses serious security risks. Combating these activities requires enhanced financial monitoring, international cooperation, and stricter enforcement of anti-money laundering (AML) regulations to dismantle these networks and protect global financial integrity.

Examples of how money laundering organizations and illegal money exchangers operate in cross-border financial crimes:

1. Hawala Networks: A trafficker in Country A collects money from victims of immigration scams and sends it to Country B through an informal hawala network. The funds are transferred without leaving a digital footprint, bypassing banks and regulatory scrutiny.
2. Shell Companies: A fraudulent immigration consultancy sets up a shell company in a tax haven to receive payments for fake visa services. The company issues false invoices to make the income appear legitimate, enabling the funds to be laundered and used elsewhere.
3. Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML): Criminals under-invoice or over-invoice goods in international trade. For example, a smuggling network might ship goods valued at $10,000 but invoice them as $100,000, allowing illicit funds to cross borders disguised as legitimate trade payments.
4. Cryptocurrency Transactions: Scammers collect payments in cryptocurrency from victims of unauthorized immigration services. They then use multiple wallets and exchanges across countries to obscure the money trail and convert it back to fiat currency.
5. Money Mules: A network recruits individuals in Country A to open bank accounts and receive proceeds from illegal immigration schemes. The funds are then transferred in small amounts to accounts in Country B to avoid detection by anti-money laundering systems.
6. Cross-Border Financial Services: An unregistered financial service provider issues fake bank balance certificates to students applying for visas, charges high fees, and launders these funds through international transactions disguised as remittances.
7. Real Estate Investments: Proceeds from illegal immigration operations are invested in high-value properties in Country B, masking illicit funds as legitimate investments.